Takashi Tsubukawa, MD, PhD Tokyo, Japan Professor Takashi Tsubokawa was born in 1930. He graduated from the Medical School of Nihon University receiving his medical degree in 1954. He furthered his training by receiving his PhD from Kanazawa University in 1959, and became a lecturer in the Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery at the University. From 1961-1963 he earned a Brown Memorial Fellowship as a research fellow at the Yale University School of medicine where he studied neurobiology. From 1963-1964 he was a visiting professor at Emory University School of Medicine. From 1969 to 1995, Dr. Tsubukawa found his home at University where he was appointed Assistant Professor Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, to Associate Professor, and to Professor and Chairman in 1982 until his retirement in 1995. He still remains active as a Consulting Neurosurgeon of Tokyo White Cross Hospital and University Hospital. He has also been given the title of Honorary Professor of Nihon University and was elected Honorary Member of the Society of Neurological Surgeons. A prolific writer, he has published more then 400 research papers about neurobiology, neurophysiology and clinical neurosurgery including functional neurosurgery. He has contributed chapters relating to functional neurosurgery in 8 texts and has written or been editor of more then 15 books. His most recent book, "Chronic Brain Stimulation, Its Method, Indication and Results" was published in 2000 by Neuron Publisher. Among his many contributions to stereotactic functional neurosurgery, Professor Tsubokawa discovered the use of motor cortex stimulation for the relief of neuropathic pain.